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  •  INSTRUMENTAL CASE SINGULAR & PLURAL

 In Polish equivalents of the sentences like: Mark is a student, the subject remains in the basic form (Nominative), but the noun following the verb form of to be, expressing nationality, profession etc. has to be in instrumental case, i.e. Mark jest studentem.

 Nouns - singular forms

  

 Nominative

Instrumental

 

masculine

To jest Szwed

To jest Polak

To jest Niemiec

Toni jest Szwedem

Marek jest Polakiem (!)

Georg jest Niemcem (!!)

 

feminine

 

 

To jest Szwedka

 

Sara jest Szwedką

 

neuter

 

 

To jest miasto

 

Kraków jest miastem

(!) after -k- and -g- we have to add "-i-" before the regular ending of instrumental.

Nouns - plural forms

 masculine, feminine, neuter

Marek to Polak,a Anna to Polka

Marek i Anna są Polakami

 

INSTRUMENTAL SINGULAR - endings

Adjective

Noun

masculine

 

-ym

-im (after soft consonants, after k-, g-)

-em
feminine -ą 
neuter

-ym

-im (after soft consonants, after k-, g-)

-em

INSTRUMENTAL PLURAL- endings

Adjective

Noun

masculine, feminine, neuter

 

-ymi

-imi (after soft consonants, after k-, g-)

-ami

 wstecz / back