- INSTRUMENTAL CASE SINGULAR & PLURAL
In Polish equivalents of the sentences like: Mark is a student, the subject remains in the basic form (Nominative), but the noun following the verb form of to be, expressing nationality, profession etc. has to be in instrumental case, i.e. Mark jest studentem.
Nouns - singular forms
|
Nominative |
Instrumental |
masculine |
To jest Szwed
To jest Polak
To jest Niemiec |
Toni jest Szwedem
Marek jest Polakiem (!)
Georg jest Niemcem (!!) |
feminine
|
To jest Szwedka |
Sara jest Szwedką |
neuter
|
To jest miasto |
Kraków jest miastem |
(!) after -k- and -g- we have to add "-i-" before the regular ending of instrumental.
Nouns - plural forms
masculine, feminine, neuter |
Marek to Polak,a Anna to Polka |
Marek i Anna są Polakami |
INSTRUMENTAL SINGULAR - endings
|
Adjective |
Noun |
masculine
|
-ym
-im (after soft consonants, after k-, g-) |
-em |
feminine |
-ą |
-ą |
neuter |
-ym
-im (after soft consonants, after k-, g-) |
-em |
INSTRUMENTAL PLURAL- endings
|
Adjective |
Noun |
masculine, feminine, neuter
|
-ymi
-imi (after soft consonants, after k-, g-) |
-ami |
|
wstecz / back |